Electromagnet Fault Injection (EMFI) is a fault injection technique for conducting physical attacks against integrated circuits. An attacker can use electromagnetic fault injection to bypass cryptographic algorithms, hardware-provided security and anti-tamper features, software security features and even empirically determine the layout of an integrated circuit on a silicone die. These integrated circuits could be RAM chips, CPUs, dedicated random number generator (RNG) chips, Trusted Platform Module (TPM) chips, etc. These physical attacks can all be accomplished with tools that cost very little to free.